Articles: Earthing Design

Concrete is hygroscopic which means it absorbs water and when concrete is buried, depending on the moisture levels at the time of the surrounding soil,

Direct lightning strikes to substations causes physical damage and poses hazards for people.

Using bentonite to reduce resistance Sometimes it is not possible to achieve the desired reduction in ground resistance by adding more grid conductors or ground rods. An alternate solution is to effectively increase the diameter of the electrode by modifying the soil surrounding.

The Annex H in IEEE Standard 80-2013 contains benchmark case results for comparing and evaluating software tools and methodologies used for the analysis of substation earthing.

The results compare the simple equations from IEEE Std 80 with the results given by some of the commercially available software such as CDEGS, ETAP, SGW, SDWorkstation and WinIGS.

Testing of earthing systems enables confirmation of the design values and safe operation in the case of a fault condition according to the applicable safety standards and criteria.

This tutorial introduces key concepts used in the design of substation earthing/grounding systems. Important terminology is discussed including Grid Potential Rise, touch and step voltages and current distribution.

A safe earthing system design has two objectives; to provide a means to carry normal and fault current without exceeding equipment limits or adversely affect continuity of service and to reduce the risk of a person in the vicinity of an earthed facility being exposed to the danger of a critical electric shock.