Table of Contents Using bentonite to reduce resistance Sometimes it is not possible to achieve the desired reduction in ground resistance by adding more grid
Introduction Testing of earthing systems enables confirmation of the design values and safe operation in the case of a fault condition according to the applicable
Downloads: Article as PDF Introduction This tutorial introduces key concepts used in the design of substation earthing/grounding systems. Important terminology is discussed including Grid Potential
The Annex H in IEEE Standard 80-2013 contains benchmark case results for comparing and evaluating software tools and methodologies used for the analysis of substation earthing.
The results compare the simple equations from IEEE Std 80 with the results given by some of the commercially available software such as CDEGS, ETAP, SGW, SDWorkstation and WinIGS.
Abstract– This paper presents the equations for calculating safe touch and step voltage limits (safety criteria) in accordance with the latest international Standards and compares
Switchgear in substations is installed on top of concrete slabs containing substantial quantities of steel reinforcement. Often the embedded steel reinforcement is bonded to the main earthing system and used to cost-effectively improve earthing electrical performance and safety.
The purpose of transmission line grounding is to provide adequate lightning performance of the line; and effectively dissipate fault current avoiding the build-up of unsafe step and touch potentials around the tower base.
To show how and when earthing rods can be used to improve the safety of earthing grids by reducing the grid resistance and potential rise (GPR) as well as surface, step and touch potentials.
To model the influence of an additional substance surrounding the conductors of a buried earthing system on grid resistance, touch and step voltages.
This tutorial is designed to help users of SafeGrid Earthing Software to learn about and practice the application of powerful operating principles.
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